Statement of Purpose and Background
What is a prison landscape? A first impression might lead one to think of the areas surrounding the outside of the institution, where beautiful landscape works have already been designed using various plants and landscape structures. However, for the purpose of this study, a prison landscape is the exterior space found within the penal complex. It is the inner courtyard where often only a bare piece of grass is found, or the exercise grounds that consist only of a plane of asphalt or concrete. These spaces of static depression are what draw a designer to consider the purpose and advantages of creating dynamic landscape spaces, and the impact such spaces could have on inmate restitution.
Catherine Sneed, the founder of “The Garden Project”, operates a program for inmates in horticultural prison gardens in San Francisco (Van Cleef, 2002). The Garden Project is a program for current and transitioning inmates to gain practical skills, an increased self-esteem, and hope for the future through hands-on gardening experience. “Statistics show 75 percent of participants [in the Garden Project] do not return to jail and that compares to the state, as a whole, where two-thirds of offenders released end up back in jail” (http://www. californiaheartland.org). Kaplan’s (1982) studies also reveal a change in behaviour by finding “that prisoners who have even a view of trees from cells are less violent than those who don’t”. This is further verified by Tracy Penner and Illene Pevec (2004) who state that being “close to nature also promotes good mental and physical health.” These results are sought after in the development of prison landscapes; however, an educational program does not necessarily need to be introduced to provide the opportunity for inmates to participate in outdoor living and receive the benefits that nature can provide for the restoration of the mind, body, and soul.
My proposed research investigates the theory that humans have an innate attraction and desire to be in the natural environment and in turn, how these environments can alter emotions, attitudes and behaviour. A built or natural formed landscape has a sense of freedom and fluidity. This freedom expresses itself in the movement of the trees as wind passes through its leaves, as the water from the lake laps against the shore, as the sound of birds pass through the air. Providing landscapes in prisons allows inmates to have something to identify with upon release; it becomes a touchstone that they can return to in times of distress or when in need of solitude. The study of prison landscapes is being investigated because I believe that every human being has the right to be in contact with nature whether through visual or interactive stimuli and by providing this contact, the goal is to restore hope, self-esteem, motivation, and relationships, thereby decreasing their risk to society.
An important precedent to the development of prison landscapes is the “Peace Garden at Western Correctional Institution”. Here, the garden design incorporates many elements in which both inmates and staff can participate in and experience moments of reflection and meditation. For example, the ‘Well of Unspoken Truths’ allows inmates to record their thoughts on paper and toss them into the well without fear of these words being used against them (Rich, 2004). Other design elements of the garden include the ‘Tree of Renewal’, and the ‘Sundial of Transformation’, which are found within a labyrinthine garden. My goal is to develop a prison landscape that models the design language that is similar to the “Peace Garden at Western Correctional Institution”, but that also results in behavioural and attitudinal changes similar to those witnessed in Sneed’s Garden Project. Drawing from case studies of other prison landscapes, as well as work done in horticultural therapy, environmental criminology, and environmental psychology, I hope to develop a year-round comprehensive landscape design that reflects the needs of women inmates in the new correctional facility in Manitoba while taking into consideration the local culture, architectural and social history, and ethnicity.
Some of the foreseen limitations to this work include the possibility of being unable to conduct interviews with inmates due to security issues. Access to site plans and layout of new prison grounds may also prove difficult to obtain, nonetheless I believe this study can still be beneficial to the academic community by providing greater insight into the conditions of prisons, and how designers can respond to create a new wave of healing gardens.
Methodology
My initial analysis will begin with a survey (quantitative research) to the general populace regarding the need and benefits of natural landscapes, parks, etc. This survey will also inquire about key attributes that make up an enjoyable green space. The data collected from the survey will help direct the interviews and substantiate my claims that inmates deserve beautified landscapes. Qualitative research methods, particularly interviews (individual or group), will then be employed to gather information from inmates and staff as to what they desire for a landscape space and how they could heal and benefit from its creation. Case studies of other institutional and therapeutic landscapes will also be used to support the interventions and theory of my proposal.
Both the survey and interview will require the approval from the ethics board, therefore I should construct my questions in advance in order to submit them for approval. The results from my research will dictate the design elements of the prison landscape and will respond particularly to the inmates and staff of the institution.
Schedule
Proposed date of graduation: October 2009
With this graduation date, I will need to have my first draft of my final practicum to my committee members no later than the end of June 2009. Throughout this process I hope to meet with my committee about once every two months to discuss my findings and gather feedback. I would like to meet with my advisor (chair) on a monthly basis in order to keep a steady pace in completing the necessary tasks. As previously noted, my survey and interview questions will need to pass through ethics, therefore I want to have them prepared and submitted early this summer in order to conduct the survey early this fall. Although these dates appear to be approaching fast they are the current goal I have set out for myself, nonetheless many variables can affect my progress.
My immediate plan is to do a preliminary presentation by the end of summer and hopefully do a reading course as well that will help me become acquainted with the literature and to aid in the development of the first section of my practicum. With three courses outstanding as of fall 2008, the availability to work on my practicum, cannot be determined at this time.
Output
The outcomes of this practicum will take the form of a written text document that is situated within a historical context relating to past prison landscapes and therapeutic designs for healing. A design intervention, complete with plans, sections, elevations, perspectives, collages, etc. will be produced and included in the final output. In the collection of data, there may be other opportunities to represent data in creative and responsive ways that will help develop a framework for the design intervention.
Committee
Committee members are unknown at this time. I hope to procure members who wish to actively engage in this topic of prison landscapes and who acknowledge the benefits of healing dangerous members of society.